How to write the stan code with a parameter which follows a negative binomial distribution

I think this may be helpful Integer parameters

In my opinion, you may try to appriximate the negative binomial by some continuous distribution. I am not sure, but to have ILI as integers can be not extremely important (sometimes I use this approximation in my work, see Figure 2 in https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0962280217747054)