I just uploaded a new version of CmdStanPy to PyPi, which includes a PR for better error handling (https://github.com/stan-dev/cmdstanpy/pull/280). if there is an error message written to stderr, it will be returned.
the error codes returned by the Stan service layer (64, 65, 66, 70, 78) are based on a POSIX standard - those codes indicate that the C++ executable detected a problem and was able to quit gracefully. there are many other reasons why the C++ program might not be able to run. I’m not sure what causes return code 1.