System command 'make' failed. Models won't compile

If I had to guess, these users have %HOME% set to the one drive location, and cmdstanr is using it. Note that this is bad practice on cmdstanr’s part, %HOME% is not one of the standard environment variables on Windows so it can be set to more or less anything (or nothing at all!) unless R is stepping in and monkeypatching this.

In CmdStanPy we use os.path.expanduser which uses a combination of things instead of %HOME% on windows:

On Windows, USERPROFILE will be used if set, otherwise a combination of HOMEPATH and HOMEDRIVE will be used. An initial ~user is handled by checking that the last directory component of the current user’s home directory matches USERNAME, and replacing it if so.

I haven’t seen issues with cmdstanpy and OneDrive yet, so I strongly suspect this difference is the reason

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