# Dealing with Catalina

**URL:** <https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285>\
**Category:** Developers\
**Tags:** rstan\
**Created:** [October 7, 2019, 8:16pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285 "2019-10-07T20:16:31Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 20\
**Page:** 6

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bigmanj](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/aeb1de/32.png) [@bigmanj](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bigmanj)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 3:37am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/102 "2019-10-17T03:37:16Z")

</div>

I don’t know if this matters, but when I download rstan (since I uninstalled it to see if that would work), it is going into an unfamiliar folder to me (The downloaded binary packages are in  
/var/folders/bp/4z337q\_5263ghp8njdx0\_48h0000gp/T//RtmpRtWwIC/downloaded\_packages), which is not the same folder that packages are saved to when I use the install.packages 'button" in the file, plots, packages, etc. pane (/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/library/[Default]).

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 3:58am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/103 "2019-10-17T03:58:24Z")

</div>

That is fine. When you do

```
library(rstan)
example(stan_model, run.dontrun = TRUE)

```

what is the line that has the string `error:` (with the colon)?

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 3:59am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/104 "2019-10-17T03:59:35Z")

</div>

What is

```
  Rv <- R.version
  GOOD <- file.path("Library", "Frameworks", "R.framework", "Versions", 
                     paste(Rv$major, substr(Rv$minor, 1, 1), sep = "."), 
                     "Resources", "lib", "libc++.1.dylib")
  GOOD

```

? Does that file really exist?

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bigmanj](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/aeb1de/32.png) [@bigmanj](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bigmanj)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 4:01am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/105 "2019-10-17T04:01:47Z")

</div>

I think there are 2? One at the beginning and one at the end:

Error in compileCode(f, code, language = language, verbose = verbose) :  
Compilation ERROR, function(s)/method(s) not created! In file included from file9327259324e.cpp:8:

and

Error in sink(type = “output”) : invalid connection

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bigmanj](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/aeb1de/32.png) [@bigmanj](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bigmanj)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 4:04am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/106 "2019-10-17T04:04:53Z")

</div>

Oh, you mean in the actual stan model, sorry. The error does not specify a line. It says compilation error and then repeats the same string to show the file path where the file that did not compile is? I think.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 4:19am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/107 "2019-10-17T04:19:43Z")

</div>

Between those two. After about 500 lines of C++ code. After it says `clang++ ...`. There will be `error:` …

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bigmanj](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/aeb1de/32.png) [@bigmanj](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bigmanj)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 4:25am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/108 "2019-10-17T04:25:21Z")

</div>

Sorry, I’m not sure where to look for this–guessing not in the console.

Thanks!

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![torkar](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/torkar/32/1355_2.png) [@torkar](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/torkar)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 7:46am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/109 "2019-10-17T07:46:39Z")

</div>

@bgoodri, something is fishy here. It does _not_ consistently work, if I run this  
[bar.R](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/uploads/short-url/uU2w9HSXyHdobfTUrMaiz7wdPEW.R) (1.4 KB) [model.stan](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/uploads/short-url/rIGQy5k12WBcOahfSpE4wBGbZQI.stan) (2.1 KB)

Every now and then it samples correctly and doesn’t throw an error. Also _if_ it throws an error then it’s not a given that `fix_Mac()` will fix it… Could someone with `Catalina` run the above 5-10 times (each time restarting `RStudio` and _not_ saving the environment in-between?

I’d be most grateful if you could tell me if you also see inconsistent behavior in that it samples correctly every now and then!

Sorry @bgoodri, but there’s something more going on here :(

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![mansillo](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/mansillo/32/4308_2.png) [@mansillo](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/mansillo)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 8:08am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/110 "2019-10-17T08:08:28Z")

</div>

@bgoodri & @torkar and on the sixth implementation:

```
SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 2.2e-05 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.22 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Iteration: 1 / 2000 [0%] (Warmup)
[1] "Error in sampler$call_sampler(args_list[[i]]) : " " c++ exception (unknown reason)"                
error occurred during calling the sampler; sampling not done
```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![torkar](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/torkar/32/1355_2.png) [@torkar](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/torkar)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 10:05am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/111 "2019-10-17T10:05:05Z")

</div>

Shit, that’s what I was afraid of… Well, I don’t think @bgoodri will like this present when he wakes up…

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![janhannig](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/janhannig/32/6050_2.png) [@janhannig](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/janhannig)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 11:03am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/112 "2019-10-17T11:03:35Z")

</div>

This model does not sample ever on catalina but works fine on the previous version

```
functions {
    real gpareto_lpdf(vector y, real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
      // generalised Pareto log pdf 
      int N = rows(y);
      real inv_k = inv(k);
      if (k<0 && max(y-ymin)/sigma > -inv_k)
        reject("k<0 and max(y-ymin)/sigma > -1/k; found k, sigma =", k, sigma)
      if (sigma<=0)
        reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
        return -(1+inv_k)*sum(log1p((y-ymin) * (k/sigma))) -N*log(sigma);
      else
        return -sum(y-ymin)/sigma -N*log(sigma); // limit k->0
    }
    real gpareto_cdf(vector y, real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
      // generalised Pareto cdf
      real inv_k = inv(k);
      if (k<0 && max(y-ymin)/sigma > -inv_k)
        reject("k<0 and max(y-ymin)/sigma > -1/k; found k, sigma =", k, sigma)
      if (sigma<=0)
        reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
        return exp(sum(log1m_exp((-inv_k)*(log1p((y-ymin) * (k/sigma))))));
      else
        return exp(sum(log1m_exp(-(y-ymin)/sigma))); // limit k->0
    }
    real gpareto_lcdf(vector y, real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
      // generalised Pareto log cdf
      real inv_k = inv(k);
      if (k<0 && max(y-ymin)/sigma > -inv_k)
        reject("k<0 and max(y-ymin)/sigma > -1/k; found k, sigma =", k, sigma)
      if (sigma<=0)
        reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
        return sum(log1m_exp((-inv_k)*(log1p((y-ymin) * (k/sigma)))));
      else
        return sum(log1m_exp(-(y-ymin)/sigma)); // limit k->0
    }
    real gpareto_lccdf(vector y, real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
      // generalised Pareto log ccdf
      real inv_k = inv(k);
      if (k<0 && max(y-ymin)/sigma > -inv_k)
        reject("k<0 and max(y-ymin)/sigma > -1/k; found k, sigma =", k, sigma)
      if (sigma<=0)
        reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
        return (-inv_k)*sum(log1p((y-ymin) * (k/sigma)));
      else
        return -sum(y-ymin)/sigma; // limit k->0
    }
    real gpareto_rng(real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
      // generalised Pareto rng
      if (sigma<=0)
        reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
        return ymin + (uniform_rng(0,1)^-k -1) * sigma / k;
      else
        return ymin - sigma*log(uniform_rng(0,1)); // limit k->0
    }
   real gparetoJacP2L2(vector y, real ymin, real k, real sigma) {
       // L2 Jacobian for GPD with ymin known
      int N = rows(y);
      real inv_k = inv(k);
      real prejac1 = sum((y-ymin).*(y-ymin)) * sum((1+(k/sigma)*(y-ymin)).*(1+(k/sigma)*(y-ymin)).*log1p((k/sigma)*(y-ymin)).*log1p((k/sigma)*(y-ymin)))
                     -sum((y-ymin).*(1+(k/sigma)*(y-ymin)).*log1p((k/sigma)*(y-ymin)))*sum((y-ymin).*(1+(k/sigma)*(y-ymin)).*log1p((k/sigma)*(y-ymin)));
      real prejac2=sum((y-ymin).*(y-ymin))*sum((y-ymin).*(y-ymin).*(y-ymin).*(y-ymin))
               -sum((y-ymin).*(y-ymin).*(y-ymin))*sum((y-ymin).*(y-ymin).*(y-ymin));
      if (k<0 && max(y-ymin)/sigma > -inv_k)
          reject("k<0 and max(y-ymin)/sigma > -1/k; found k, sigma =", k, sigma)
      if (sigma<=0)
         reject("sigma<=0; found sigma =", sigma)
      if (fabs(k) > 1e-15)
         return -log(k*k)+0.5*log(prejac1);
      else
         return -log(2)-2*log(sigma)+0.5*log(prejac2); // limit k->0
      }
}
data {
  real ymin;
  int<lower=0> N;
  vector<lower=ymin>[N] y;
}
transformed data {
  real ymax = max(y);
}
parameters {
  real<lower=0> sigma; 
  //real k;
  real<lower=-sigma/(ymax-ymin)> k; 
}
model {
  y ~ gpareto(ymin, k, sigma);
  target += gparetoJacP2L2(y, ymin, k, sigma); //Fiducial Jacobian
}
generated quantities {
  real<lower=0> y_sim=gpareto_rng(ymin, k, sigma);
}

```

The code to run the program is

```
n=1000
x=-log(runif(n))

library(rstan)
source('FixMAC.R')

fitted_model = stan_model(file='pareto_gfi.stan') 
fix_Mac(fitted_model)

stan_data <- list(y=x, N = n, ymin = 0)

stan_fit = sampling(fitted_model, data = stan_data)
plot(stan_fit,show_density=TRUE)
summary(stan_fit)

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![torkar](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/torkar/32/1355_2.png) [@torkar](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/torkar)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 11:12am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/113 "2019-10-17T11:12:17Z")

</div>

Always provide a complete minimum working example incl. data. Add file + data to your post as a file and people can easily reproduce it :)

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![janhannig](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/janhannig/32/6050_2.png) [@janhannig](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/janhannig)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 11:15am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/114 "2019-10-17T11:15:01Z")

</div>

Sorry - it was a few steps above. I edited my post.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![janhannig](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/janhannig/32/6050_2.png) [@janhannig](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/janhannig)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 11:15am UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/115 "2019-10-17T11:15:57Z")

</div>

> Rv ← R.version  
> GOOD ← file.path(“Library”, “Frameworks”, “R.framework”, “Versions”,

- 

```
              paste(Rv$major, substr(Rv$minor, 1, 1), sep = "."), 

```

- 

```
              "Resources", "lib", "libc++.1.dylib")

```

> GOOD  
> [1] “Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib”  
> Rv  
> \_  
> platform x86\_64-apple-darwin15.6.0  
> arch x86\_64  
> os darwin15.6.0  
> system x86\_64, darwin15.6.0  
> status  
> major 3  
> minor 6.1  
> year 2019  
> month 07  
> day 05  
> svn rev 76782  
> language R  
> version.string R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)  
> nickname Action of the Toes

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 7:00pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/116 "2019-10-17T19:00:19Z")

</div>

@coatless: Should something be added to LDFLAGS in Makevars with Macs so that it links against the libc++ provided by CRAN? It seems that the fix @kevinushey suggested does not always work.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![coatless](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/coatless/32/2052_2.png) [@coatless](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/coatless)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 7:50pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/117 "2019-10-17T19:50:05Z")

</div>

> [@bgoodri](#):
>
> Should something be added to LDFLAGS in Makevars with Macs

Perhaps the `~/.R/Makevars` should have `LDFLAGS` set with

```no-highlight
-L/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/lib

```

Thus, the full file would be:

```no-highlight
# clang: start
CFLAGS=-isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk
CCFLAGS=-isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk
CXXFLAGS=-isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk
CPPFLAGS=-isysroot /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk
LDFLAGS=-L/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/lib
# clang: end

```

Under this configuration, I can successfully sample multiple times after running the `fix_Mac()` function given previously. c.f.

```no-highlight
fix_Mac <- function(sm) {
  stopifnot(is(sm, "stanmodel"))
  dso_last_path <- sm@dso@.CXXDSOMISC$dso_last_path
  CLANG_DIR <- tail(n = 1, grep("clang[456789]", 
                                x = list.dirs("/usr/local", recursive = FALSE), 
                                value = TRUE))
  if (length(CLANG_DIR) == 0L) stop("no clang from CRAN found")
  LIBCPP <- file.path(CLANG_DIR, "lib", "libc++.1.dylib")
  if (!file.exists(LIBCPP)) stop("no unique libc++.1?.dylib found")
  Rv <- R.version
  GOOD <- file.path("/Library", "Frameworks", "R.framework", "Versions", 
                    paste(Rv$major, substr(Rv$minor, 1, 1), sep = "."), 
                    "Resources", "lib", "libc++.1.dylib")
  if (!file.exists(GOOD)) stop(paste(GOOD, "not found"))
  cmd <- paste(
    "install_name_tool",
    "-change",
    LIBCPP,
    GOOD,
    dso_last_path
  )
  system(cmd)
  dyn.unload(dso_last_path)
  dyn.load(dso_last_path)
  return(invisible(NULL))
}

stancode <- 'data {real y_mean;} parameters {real y;} model {y ~ normal(y_mean,1);}'
mod <- stan_model(model_code = stancode, verbose = TRUE)
fix_Mac(mod)

fit <- sampling(mod, data = list(y_mean = 0))
fit2 <- sampling(mod, data = list(y_mean = 5))

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 7:57pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/118 "2019-10-17T19:57:50Z")

</div>

OK. I was kind of hoping with the `-L...` that the `fix_Mac()` would not be necessary. Do you get the unknown exception thing if you compile and sample without calling `fix_Mac` in between?

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 9:04pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/119 "2019-10-17T21:04:41Z")

</div>

@kevinushey I am using someone else’s Mac that has Catalina and I can confirm that previously loading another package with compiled C++ code (such as readr) is sufficient to cause

```no-highlight
library(readr) # or another package with compiled C++

Rcpp::sourceCpp(code = 
'
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp; 

// [[Rcpp::export]]
int throw_exception() { 
  std::stringstream errmsg; errmsg << "this is an exception";
  throw std::domain_error(errmsg.str()); 
  return 0;
}
'
)

throw_exception()

```

to say

> Error in thow\_exception(): c++ exception (unknown reason)

instead of

> Error in thow\_exception(): this is an exception

However, if I don’t load any packages containing C++ previously, then I get the expected behavior. Is this a known issue? It doesn’t have anything directly to do with rstan code, but it may have a clue as to why we are having similar problems with dynamically loaded objects with C++ code generated by rstan.

This is using `/usr/local/clang7/bin/clang++` and the ~/.R/Makevars file created by @coatless installer.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![kevinushey](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/kevinushey/32/6132_2.png) [@kevinushey](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/kevinushey)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 9:36pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/120 "2019-10-17T21:36:21Z")

</div>

Can we confirm that all of these packages are using the expected C++ standard libraries? Here’s a script that should dump this all out:

```

packages <- loadedNamespaces()
result <- lapply(packages, function(package) {
  
  dir <- system.file("libs", package = package)
  libs <- list.files(dir, pattern = "[.]so$", full.names = TRUE)
  if (length(libs) == 0)
    return(FALSE)
  
  output <- system(paste("otool -L", libs, "| grep -s libc++ || true"), intern = TRUE)
  if (length(output) == 0)
    return(FALSE)
  
  writeLines(paste0(package, ":"))
  writeLines(output)
  
})

```

As an example, I get some packages showing a mix, for some packages I installed from sources:

```
Rcpp:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
xml2:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
roxygen2:
	/usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 800.6.0)
htmltools:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
digest:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
fs:
	/usr/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 400.9.4)
testthat:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
stringi:
	/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)

```

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![bgoodri](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/flex030/user_avatar/discourse.mc-stan.org/bgoodri/32/4451_2.png) [@bgoodri](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/u/bgoodri)\
**Post date:** [October 17, 2019, 9:46pm UTC](https://discourse.mc-stan.org/t/dealing-with-catalina/11285/121 "2019-10-17T21:46:21Z")

</div>

When I do

```no-highlight
library(readr)

```

followed by your function on that Catalina laptop I get

```no-highlight
readr:
        /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)

Rcpp:
        /usr/lib/libc++1.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 800.6.0)

```

After reinstalling Rcpp using `/usr/local/clang7/bin/clang++`l, it switched to

```no-highlight
Rcpp:
        /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libc++.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)

```

but now

```no-highlight
Rcpp::sourceCpp(code = 
'
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp; 

// [[Rcpp::export]]
int throw_exception() { 
  std::stringstream errmsg; errmsg << "this is an exception";
  throw std::domain_error(errmsg.str()); 
  return 0;
}
'
)

throw_exception()

```

yields

> Error in thow\_exception(): c++ exception (unknown reason)

irrespective of whether any other packages are loaded

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